W.E.B. DuBois life and role in the history of education Essay

W.E.B. DuBois life and job throughout the entire existence of training - Essay Example William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a persuasive African American scholarly pioneer in the United States, who lived somewhere in the range of 1868 and 1963.As a humanist, history specialist, common right lobbyist, Pan-Africanist, creator, manager and instructor, W.E.B. Du Bois investigated grant, combination, national self assurance, human rights, social and financial nonconformity, governmental issues, third world solidarity, exile and worldwide socialism as potential answers for the issue of prejudice that was predominant in the twentieth century America society in which he lived (Lewis, 2001). W.E.B. Du Bois rose in the spotlight through his resistance to Booker T. Washington asserted thought of convenience as an answer for the issues influencing the African-American populace (Calhoun et al., 2009). Instead of the possibility of settlement, W.E.B. Du Bois pushed expanded political cooperation of African Americans to guarantee social equality and moved African-Americans to accompl ished more prominent achievements in their undertakings and become extraordinary pioneers in their networks to guarantee progress of the African-American race. Without a doubt, W.E.B Du Bois recommended that African-Americans should concentrate on getting advanced education in the aesthetic sciences as this will prepare them to arrange and change a general public that is commanded by bigotry, abhor and preference (Alridge 2008). As a blended race child of a solitary ruined mother, W.E.B. Du Bois confronted difficulties that molded his instructive belief system. He worked after-school to help himself and his mom, who couldn't function because of stroke. His youth encounters and those at school; notwithstanding the connections he manufactured while at schools fed his belief system that training gives the methods through which African American can propel their financial standing. Life of W.E.B. Du Bois: occasions that shape his contemplations W.E.B. Du Bois was conceived on February 23 , 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Alfred Du Bois and Mary Silvina Burghardt Du Bois (Alridge, 2008). Incredible Barrington, where W.E.B. Du Bois grew up, was a dominatingly Anglo-American settlement. His maternal family was a piece of the generally extremely little dark populace in Great Barrington while his dad, who was of a blended race †French Huguenot and African †was from Haiti (Wolters, 2003). Before W.E.B. Du Bois was two years of age, his dad abandoned the family. While still youthful, Du Bois’ mother endured stroke that rendered her unequipped for working. Therefore, the family depended on noble cause from relatives and the salary from W.E.B. Du Bois after-school work. The transcendently white populace of Great Barrington in any case, Du Bois never felt isolated while at school (Du Bois, 1903). Truth be told, some local whites leased Du Bois and his mom a house in Great Barrington (Du Bois, 1903). Notwithstanding, a specific encounter during a round of â€Å"calling cards† when a white young lady would not acknowledge his card based on his skin shading, drove him to the acknowledgment that prejudice is instilled in the reasoning and life of certain individuals in the American culture (Du Bois, 1903). As a little youngster attempting to help his debilitated mother and himself, he understood from the get-go in life that instruction holds the way in to the entryway of financial and social liberation and improvement of his family as well as that of other African-Americans. His achievements in his scholastic interest affirmed his conviction and furthermore prepared him as he continued looking for the strengthening of African Americans. Supported by his educators, who perceived his scholarly possibilities, he studied old style courses in secondary school (Du Bois, 1903). He went to Fisk University, Harvard University and University of Berlin. His investigation remain at Berlin prompted his scholarly development as he was advantageous to concentrate under German unmistakable social researchers. He likewise voyaged broadly all through Europe during his examination at Berlin. These encounters and connections fed and molded W.E.B. Du

Rhianna Goolsby Essays (502 words) - Biology, Food And Drink

Rhianna Goolsby Cassandra August Reasonable Food and Nutrition 11/18/16 GMOs GMOs are hereditarily adjusted living beings meaning food's material that has been changed by hereditary building. GMOs were just presented in 1996, and symptoms of them have showed up rapidly. A portion of these symptoms have been expanded hypersensitive responses, anti-microbial safe microorganisms and other hazardous perils of food . Despite the fact that a portion of the symptoms appear to be little, the master plan here is that they become way greater. More cases have created about disorder from GMOs. Individuals have even kicked the bucket because of utilization of GMOs . Hereditarily adjusted nourishments are related with harmful composts, herbicides, bug sprays, and been developed in farming plants rather than crop fields. Youngsters have even been brought into the world with birth deserts because of harmful synthetic concoctions. The synthetic substances in GMOs alone can cause barrenness, stillbirths, miscarri ages and malignancies . Research ers found that synthetic compou nds in GMOs caused medical problems in chickens and frogs just as issues in soy creation. To be more obvious, analysts found that creatures that have expended synthetic concoctions inside GMOs have had issues with their eyes and their cortex (focus of the head), which in the long run prompted passing of the creature. GMOs have been viewed as protected to human utilization without enough research done on how it can influence our bodies and the creation of our posterity. Despite the fact that the qualities being moved happen normally in different species, there are inconclusive significances to fluctuating the regular condition of a living being through far off quality appearance . Along these lines, some huge issues can emerge, for example, the difference in the life form's digestion , development rate, and the reaction to outer ecological components. These things work from the GMO itself, yet just as the earth of the life form. A portion of the wellbeing dangers of people remember t he probability of introduction to new allergens for hereditarily altered nourishments, just as the exchange of anti-microbial safe qualities to gut greenery. Not exclusively do herbicides and pesticides put people in danger, however it would likewise cause environmental uneven characters. This would cause already plants to develop wildly which would cause the spread of ailment of plants and creatures. The cross sullying of GMOs additionally causes long haul worldwide contamination. It is accepted that contamination brought about by GMOs will outlast an Earth-wide temperature boost. This undermines the wellbeing of our people in the future. This contamination additionally causes financial misfortunes for ranchers who can't showcase their food since they can't keep their yields unadulterated. GMOs likewise hurt the earth gravely. They influence and mischief different creatures related with food crops. They diminish biodiversity, dirty water, and are entirely impractical. GMOs don't he lp with food yields. Truth be told, there was a decrease in food yields. Along these lines, world craving isn't made a difference. The more individuals maintain a strategic distance from hereditarily adjusted nourishments, the simpler it will be to help get them out of our food flexibly. On the off chance that individuals don't begin acknowledging what they are accomplishing for our own wellbeing, our condition, and our showcasing economy, GMOs will never vanish.

History The Reconstruction Of A Post Conflict Situation - 2750 Words

History: The Reconstruction Of A Post Conflict Situation (Term Paper Sample) Content: POST WAR RECONSTRUCTIONNAMEINSTITUTIONIntroductionConflict denotes disagreement, friction or discord that arises between groups/individuals or among several groups because of unacceptable beliefs or actions. There are two major different forms of conflict intergroup conflict and intergroup conflict. Intragroup conflict refers to that conflict that occurs between individuals of the same group. While intergroup conflict represents the conflict which occurs between members of two or more groups and in most cases involve violence, psychological tension or interpersonal dissension (Clapson et al., 2013).There is always a particular course or mode of conflict. Initially when there is peace in the group disruption may occur via discord, limited resources or differences in opinion and thought. When these factors stir up the situation, the existing peace is lost, and no unity stands in the group (coalition may take a course). As the conflict escalates so does the need for res olving the conflict arises.According to sociologists emotions act as the motivating factors for a conflict to arise. These emotions have been grouped into four envy, contempt, pity and admiration. Apart from these emotions, there are also beliefs that impel the escalation of conflict in different discourses. These ideas include superiority, injustice, vulnerability, distrust and helplessness. When it comes to superiority, the individual/group view themselves as being better than other people in different ways like tradition, culture, status, entitlement and language (Clapson et al., 2013). The concepts of ethnocentricism and monoculturalism are usually experienced.Injustice perceives the ill-treatment of specific groups or individuals by other people or group. Such kind of treatment can always spark retaliation attempts by the suppressed group. Vulnerability brings fear of the unknown usually exist at both individual and collective levels. These groups in most cases perceive exte rnal and internal dangers that can accrue to them Thus the characteristic of pessimism is realized among these people. Distrust is yet another belief that acts as a causative factor of conflict (Dana, 2001). Suspicion looks into the assumed hostility and libel intent of others. The anticipation that a given group of individuals will harm, hurt, abuse or humiliate and take advantage evokes the perception that harm is intentional.Lastly, helplessness shows individuals or groups who lack the necessary ability to achieve a particular aim. The belief diminishes motivation, sets powerlessness and dependency. In most cases, helplessness renders obstacles for group advancement (Dana, 2001).Conflict Cycle276225179070This paper aims at evaluating the opportunities and dangers that can be realized in the process of reconstruction after conflict. The paper will also assess two case studies (Rwanda genocide and Bosnia/Herzevorgonia) and also to highlight the learnt lessons on elaborated experie nces of strengthening public administration and the governance in after conflict recovery. In addition the paper will attempt to highlight the challenges in reconstruction, government strategies in reconstruction, the influence of international community and lastly the opportunities and dangers for development in reconstruction.Literature reviewConflict has been a major occurrence globally from time indefinite and many studies have been carried out to ratify the cause and come up with methodologies on how the situation can be corrected. Many scholars specializing in peace studies have developed several literatures on how the issue can be approached and tackled. The major type of conflict realized currently is the armed conflict (Davis, 2016). The Uppsula Conflict Data Programme, (UCDP) AS AT 2009 recorded active conflicts at figure 36 at different 27 regions. Out of these active armed conflict regions about six of them had reached the amount of war. On the other hand, the United Nat ions stated that approximately thirty five individuals perish hourly in the world due to uneven armed conflict (Davis, 2016).The conflict resolution process can best use the methodologies of negotiation, mediation, summitry, litigation or even diplomacy. These methods are a sure way of achieving the post war reconstruction. A key body in achieving post war reconstruction is the International Conflict Resolution (ICR. The ICR body calls for specific methodologies in conflict resolution and not using violence as a way of settling differences. The purpose of the move is to ensure that no future violence is realized (Francis, 2012). A successful use of the methodologies was realized in the armed conflict between Iraq and Iran with the mediation being spearheaded by the Swedish Opposition Leader Olof Palme. The lack of foreign involvement in conflict resolution usually fails.For instance the internal Sri Lankan armed conflict did not accommodate the assistance of the foreign body in reso lving the conflict. As a result the internal feud extended for a period of more than 17 years, however the intervention of the Norwegian government solved the whole issue. Another good example is the Kenyan post-election violence in the period 2007/2008. The involvement of the African Union in resolving the conflict quelled the situation before it could go for a longer period (Deutsch et al., 2006).Peace commentators argue that there exists the notion o negative peace. Negative peace according to the scholars refers to the situation where the real conflict has been resolved but then the causative dynamics of the conflict have not been resolved. Therefore when these dynamics are not corrected then they may give rise to the new hostilities. The countries which have experienced the recommencement of the conflict due to assumption of the dynamics include Cambodia, Rwanda, DRC, Angola, Burundi, Eritrea, Philippines, Kosovo and Sri Lanka among others (Grant et al., 2007). The resurface of these conflicts have always claimed many innocent lives and destruction. On the contrary, the examples of sustained peace resulting from the use of recommended ICR approach are the Liberia 2003 agreement, 1992 Mozambique agreement, 1996 Guatemala agreement and the 2000 Sierra Leone ceasefire.Apart from the conflict resolution there is also the conflict transformation which touches on the post war reconstruction. Conflict transformation applies the concept of transformative mediation such that the objective is to change the disputing groups by sensitizing them in comprehending their wants and those of other groups.. Conflict transformation together with its importance is shown by its use in NGOs, local parties/CBOs, governmental and intergovernmental personalities and other stakeholders and their responsibilities through the process. In as much as many studies have been done in the reconstruction of peace still there exist gaps in terms of the appropriateness of methodologies and ap proaches that should be upheld during the whole process of conflict resolution and transformation (Grant et al., 2007).Case studiesThe two case studies to be discussed in the paper are two the Rwandan genocide and the Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict.The Case of Rwandan genocideThe Rwandan genocide aimed the minority ethnic group the Tutsi in Rwanda by the majority ethnic group the Hutu. Many individuals lost their lives during the 100-day ethnic clash claiming more than 800,000 lives. Apart from the Tutsi, another minority group the Pygmy Batwa were also killed in the genocide. The genocide ended with the intervention of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) who took control of the control. From that period the reconstruction of peace has taken order to reclaim the lost glory (Hitchcott, 2015). At the end of the conflict in 1994 Rwanda has undergone a great institutional reconstruction process. The conflict caused devastation on a broad scale such that infrastructure was not accessi ble together with supplies. The economy was ruined and became non-operational and the existing societal structures crumbled down (Hitchcott, 2015).Both the private and public sector became less productive, and the economy faced a steady decline. Also, the national, district and local administrative model were weakened and totally incapacitated in 1990. Human resources were acutely shaken as a result of the mass killings. The three organs of government were all affected. The most affected were judiciary which had its infrastructure damaged, and the whole institution faced severe consequences. The post-conflict Rwanda faced six key challenges social cohesion, judiciary, security, politics, administration and economy (Hitchcott, 2015).The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina conflictThe Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict was realized in the period 1992-1995 and claimed approximately more than 100,000 lives. The war came to an end with the Dayton Peace Agreement that bestowed powers on the Office o f the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the running of the country. The OHR represented the international community in the discord. The country was then divided into two regions the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (Sacco et al., 2016).The core challenge that was faced in the restoration of peace was the ethnic imbalance (Serbs, Croats, and Bosniacs), attaining functions of a democratic state and adoption of a merit-based public service. The institutional reforms that were mandatory in the post-war Bosnia/Herzegovina were the changing of the civil service including the judiciary and the police (Sacco et al., 2016). The three entities (State Level, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska)came to a consensus by signing a joint statement that had the provisions of reforming the public administration, institutions and the publ...

Linguistic Typology

Linguistic Typology is the analysis, comparison, and classification of languages according to their common structural features and forms. This is also called cross-linguistic typology.   The branch of linguistics that studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, as part of an attempt to establish a satisfactory classification, or typology, of languages is known as typological linguistics (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Examples   Typology is the study of linguistic systems and recurring patterns of linguistic systems. Universals are typological generalizations based on these recurring patterns.Linguistic typology took off in its modern form with the ground-breaking research of Joseph Greenberg, such as, for example, his seminal paper on a cross-linguistic survey of word order leading to a series of implicational universals (Greenberg 1963). . . . Greenberg also attempted to establish methods for quantifying typological studies, in order that linguistic typology could meet scientific standards (cf. Greenberg 1960 [1954]). Furthermore, Greenberg re-introduced the importance of studying the ways languages change, but with the emphasis that language changes give us possible explanations for language universals (cf., for example, Greenberg 1978).Since Greenbergs pioneering efforts linguistic typology has grown exponentially and is, as any science, continuously being enhanced and redefined as to methods and approac hes. The last few decades have seen the compilation of large-scale databases with the help of ever more refined technology, which have led to new insights as well as given rise to new methodological issues.(Viveka Velupillai, An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. John Benjamins, 2013) Tasks of Linguistic Typology Among the tasks of general linguistic typology we include . . . a) the classification of languages, i.e., the construction of a system to order natural languages on the basis of their overall similarity; b) the discovery of the mechanism of construction of languages, i.e., the construction of a system of relationships, a network by means of which not only the obvious, categorial mechanisms of language can be read but also the latent ones.(G. Altmann and W. Lehfeldt, Allgemeinge Sprachtypologie: Prinzipien und Messverfahren, 1973; quoted by Paolo Ramat in Linguistic Typology. Walter de Gruyter, 1987) Fruitful Typological Classifications: Word Order In principle, we might pick on any structural feature and use it as the basis of classification. For example, we could divide languages into those in which the word for a canine animal is [dog] and those in which it isnt. (The first group here would contain exactly two known languages: English and the Australian language Mbabaram.) But such a classification would be pointless since it wouldnt lead anywhere.The only typological classifications which are of interest are those which are fruitful. By this, we mean that the languages in each category should turn out to have other features in common, features which are not used to set up the classification in the first place.[The most celebrated and fruitful of all typological classifications has proved to be one in terms of basic word order. Proposed by Joseph Greenberg in 1963 and more recently developed by John Hawkins and others, word-order typology has revealed a number of striking and previously unsuspected correlations. For example, a language with SOV [Subject, Object, Verb] order is highly likely to have modifiers that precede their head nouns, auxiliaries that follow their main verbs, postpositions instead of prepositions, and a rich case system for nouns. A VSO [Verb, Subject, Object] language, in contrast, usually has modifiers that follow their nouns, auxiliaries that precede their verbs, prepositions, and no cases.(R.L. Trask, Language, and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) Typology and Universals [T]ypology and universals research are intimately related: if we have a set of significant parameters whose values none the less show a high degree of correlation, then the network of relations among these parameter values can equally be expressed in the form of a network of implicational universals (absolute or tendencies).Clearly, the more widespread the net of logically independent parameters that can be linked in this way, the more significant is the typological base being used.(Bernard Comrie, Language Universals, and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology, 2nd ed. The University of Chicago Press, 1989) Typology and Dialectology There is evidence from linguistic varieties around the world, including Greek dialects, to suggest that the distribution of structural characteristics over the worlds languages may not be entirely random from a sociolinguistic point of view. For example, we have seen indications that long-term contact involving child bi-lingualism may lead to increased complexity, including redundancy. Conversely, contact involving adult second language acquisition may lead to increased simplification. Furthermore, communities with dense, tightly-knit social networks may be more likely to demonstrate fast-speech phenomena and the consequences of this, and more likely to experience unusual sound changes. I would like to suggest, moreover, that insights of this type can complement research in linguistic typology by giving an explanatory edge to the findings of this discipline. And I would also suggest that these insights should give some sense of urgency to typological research: if it is true that cert ain types of linguistic structure are to be found more frequently, or possibly only, in dialects spoken in smaller and more isolated communities, then we had better research these types of communities as rapidly as we can while they still exist. Source Peter Trudgill, The Impact of Language Contact and Social Structure. Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar From a Cross-linguistic Perspective, ed. by Bernd Kortmann. Walter de Gruyter, 2004

Essay Perception of God and Evil by Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (354-430) is among the most influential thinkers in Christianity. He contributed a great number of ideas and notions to Christian theology that would have lasting effect on belief systems in Christian churches. One of his most notable contributions is the notion of â€Å"original sin† and his concept of â€Å"evil.† These notions evolved over the years. Augustine traces their evolution in his Confessions, a thirteen-volume autobiography he wrote when he was in his forties. An essential part of Confessions is Augustine’s conversion to Christianity and his evolving understanding of good and evil. In book seven of Confessions, Augustine describes his perception of God before his conversion to Christianity. He explains that he†¦show more content†¦Significantly, Manichaeism perceives of God and his evil antagonist, Satan, as being restricted to the world. This notion appealed to the young Augustine, as he struggled to comprehend how anything like evil could exist. He seek out Neoplatonic books only to conclude that it shares similar Manichean teaching where evil represents physical matters like the body. However, Neoplatonism helped him realize a new understanding of God existing in an intelligible realm. After his conversion to Christianity, Augustine came to think of God not just as a spiritual being but also sovereign over all beings, which is a clear rejection of the Manichaeistic worldview. The lyrics to Carman’s The Champion sum up Augustine’s notion of God quite nicely, when they state, â€Å"Of the war between the lord of sin and death, And the Omnipotent Creator of man’s first breath, Who will decide who will forever be the Champion† (â€Å"The Champion† second stanza). God is according to Augustine the single sovereign, who rules over everything, even the evil forces in the universe. This sovereignty is grounded in Augustine’s understanding that God created everything. This assumption ultimately solves the question why evil exists. It exists because God created it, just like he created everything else. Augustine suggests that everything God creates in inherently good. However, creatures can become â€Å"evil† because they are prone to corruption (Mann 44). Furthermore, rational beings haveShow MoreRelatedSt. Augustine s Life And Life734 Words   |  3 PagesAugustine was born November 13, A.D. 354, in Tagaste; and died seventy-six years later in Hippo Regius. Augustine was raise up in a family with both parents his father (Patricius) who was a nonbeliever until later in life and Augustine mother (Monica) a child of God. His mother taught Augustine at a young age about our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Augustine like any other young t eenager did not like school but at the same time had a desire to be liked by his teacher’s, but had some bad behavioralRead MoreSocrates And St. Augustines Views On Death1305 Words   |  6 Pageswith their theories. For Socrates, death should never be feared and should be considered a blessing if our souls were to ascend to heaven, or death could be an extensive slumber without any dreaming whatsoever. With Augustine, he categorizes death as a separation from â€Å"real good† (God granting us life through creation) and is brought on to the human race through the original sin of Adam which brought upon death. First, Socrates’ views are interpreted by Plato in â€Å"Last Days of Socrates†. It is veryRead MoreRelationship between St Augustine and Plato1773 Words   |  8 PagesSt. Augustine and Plato Great philosophers over time have shared ideas about their lifetime. There were no more captivating philosophers than Plato and Augustine who fed off one another. Even though they were born at different times, their ideas impacted the life they lived in and future lives. St. Augustine was a student of the wise Plato, who fed off his ideas and created his own form of philosophy. Plato on the other hand orbited the idea of the theory of forms which, later St. Augustine incorporatedRead MoreSummary : A Pursuit Of Wisdom Confessions 2348 Words   |  10 PagesElana Selitsky 3/27/16 A Pursuit of Wisdom in Confessions In the first nine books of his Confessions, Augustine of Hippo narrates the journey of his restless heart, seeking to find rest in God. He embarks on a journey for the wisdom that constitutes the happy life, navigated by a thirst for knowledge and truth. Augustine’s journey is sparked by his restless heart searching for the right answers to his questions about the universe. He feels the need to fully understand things before he can believeRead MoreWitchcraft And Superstition In Medieval Europe1654 Words   |  7 Pagesthe practice or belief of witchcraft was an unpunishable sin against God. There were two focal traditions surrounding magic, the first acknowledged magic as a reality, where there were many laws instituting penalties for those who used magic to harm others. The second is commonly known as the Christian tradition, stemming from Christian theologian St. Christian Augustine. The theological idea was that individuals excluding God do not possess the ability to mani pulate reality. Meanwhile, many becameRead MoreThe Innocence Of Simple Observation1750 Words   |  7 Pageswaves – if no observation takes place a wave pattern is revealed; if observation takes place these same objects exhibit the behavior of point particles. When fully matured observation of the movement of life increases our level of awareness and perception which allows for the natural transcending of the senses and the intellectual mind to bring us to the direct experience of the Self which is always in the transcendent. In the transcendent we realize that the observer has become the observed, theRead MoreAugustine And The Two Cities3085 Words   |  13 Pages Augustine and the Two Cities Different aspects of Augustine’s conception of the earthly city Augustine had different perceptions about the earthly city. He did this in line with the teaching of the Bible. His confession can be referred to as an autobiography although it has a framework that is more of theological, religious, philosophical and moral approach. Augustine looks at the different approaches to the exploration of God s nature and other factors such as sin as they occur in the human andRead MoreThe Conversion Of Christianity : Not An Easy One As Explained By Rodoifio Lanciani2337 Words   |  10 Pagesmany others who were forsaken by the church. Perceptual changes, law changes, and sexuality changes occurred that affected their work by limiting customers and forcing them to go underground. Perception When discussing how the change in religions affected the prostitutes it is important to discuss perception and the general public’s shift in views through time. Was there that much of a change that occurred? The discussion starts with whether differing views during the time before the installation

Competition Between International Businessâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competition Between International Business? Answer: Introduction With the advancement in technology and globalisation of the economy, the international business of companies has grown significantly. The modern technology allows companies to easily enhance their business on a global stage. The global competition between international companies is at its peak; therefore, a proper management requirement is needed for the international business. The companies conducting business internationally have to employ international managers, who analyse different aspects of international business. The international manager is an extensive label for a managerial personal that is in charge of global operations. The international manager is responsible for the companys foreign business and its various aspects. This report will discuss regarding the environment of an international manager from the perspective of Apple Incorporation. Further, this report will discuss the duties and responsibilities of international manager of Apple Incorporation. International Manager An international manager title is given to the managerial personnel that are responsible for managing the international operation and various aspects of international business. International manager of an organisation is in charge of several duties, such as planning, organising, operating, staffing, directing and controlling, of international operations. The role of the international manager is necessary for efficient international transactions (Terpstra, Foley and Sarathy 2012). Apple Inc. Apple Incorporation is an international American technology organisation, founded in 1976. The company operates in computer hardware, software, electronics and digital distribution industry. Apple is the second largest mobile producer company worldwide, and they generated revenue of US$215.639 billion in 2016 financial year. Apple is worlds most valuable corporation according to Forbes, by being first ever American company to worth over $700 billion. The company has established 495 stores in 17 countries, and the global sale of iPhone has crossed one billion. The key managerial personnel in Apple of international operations includes Angela Ahrendts, Philip W. Schiller, Tor Myhren, Luca Maestri, Cathy Kearney and Gene Daniel Levoff (Alidori 2015). The international operation of Apple is significantly large with their manufacturing and selling process. The company manufactures its product in factories of China. Apple has to apply with different government regulations implemented by the Chinese government and maintain their operations carefully, to avoid any security or health hazard to their workers. Apples international manager is in charge of operating various international transactions. Functions of International Manager According to Griffin and Pustay (2012), with the enhancement of global competition, the role of the international manager has raised significantly in an organisation. The manager has to keep up its policies with rapidly changing technologies, high-speed communication and changes in product requirements. The organisational structure of an organisation is required to be flexible enough to change with the marketing conditions. Usually, international manager performs the similar tasks as a domestic manager, but these takes are affected due to international marketing conditions. Planning The first stage for every manager is to prepare proper plan and strategies for the business. the research of Deresky (2017) provided that, the manager takes international decisions such as, whether to export or import, to enter franchise contract or joint ventures, or selecting of the country for its operations. The international manager develops, forecasts, set goals and plan for the worldwide actions. The manager monitors the international activities of different industries to construct its plans and strategies. The major factors that are considered by an international manager while formulating its plans include legal factors, political factors, currency change, competition, government pressure, patent trademarks, and customers behaviours. The international manager of Apple has to consider above-mentioned factors as well while formulating their international plans. Apple is known for high quality of its products and services; the international manager has to plan its strategies so the company maintains the same reputation in international markets as well. The manager considers different aspects in the industry to formulate their plans, such as the political pressure of governments, regulations of the smartphone industry, competition from other smartphone manufacturers and legislative factors. For example, in China and India, Apple is not allowed to sell refurbished iPhones due to their political environment (Comfort and Frankline 2014). Organising It is important for international companies that their strategies comply with the cultures of different countries. It is a responsibility of the international manager to organise their operations, to adopt the culture and environmental factors of different countries. There must be a proper communication channel between all the organisations. The organisations cannot apply same principles in different countries. An international firm has different policies and regulations for its different departments. The international manager is responsible for applying these changes in the organisation (Cantwell, Dunning and Lundan 2010). There are three important stages consider by the international manager. First, the pre-international stage, in which companies decided to expand its operations globally and the manager has to provide proper planning for export necessitates. In the second stage, various regulations, laws, restrictions, and competition, are evaluated by the international manager. In the third stage, the companys international operations get established and the management of international branch become centralised (Lee, Son and Lee 2011). In case of Apple, the companys international manager have to analyse regulations, retraction, and competition before organising their operations worldwide. While organising their factories in China, the manager analyses different labour and factory regulation which affect the organisation operations. Apples international manager maintains an environmentally friendly approach throughout their Chinese factories by using solar power and other environmental resources to run their industrial operations (Nagle, Hogan and Zale 2016). Directing Controlling The difference in culture makes it hard for international managers to direct and control different managerial personals. The managers face various problems such as workers attitude towards works, culture problems, and language barriers. The international manager has to maintain a cross-culture management in the organisation by providing training to managers. Apple provides training to their Chinese managers, to maintain a smooth communication chain. This allows the company to efficiently communicate with managers in Chinese factories and implement their policies (Ghazawneh and Henfridsson 2013). Staffing According to CAppellen and Jenssens (2010), talented employees are necessary for the success of an organisation and it is the duty of the international manager to hire talented staff throughout their international organisations. The international manager must be familiar with different labour laws of countries. The appointment and number of managerial staff are considered by the manager, along with the labours in factories. Apple has successfully implemented the Chinese labour laws in their factories in China. The factories are eco-friendly, and they provide a better working environment to their worker. International Environment Factors According to Wild, Wild and Han (2014), the international manager of an organisation is required to monitor different aspects of the international environment to properly manage different branches of the organisation. By expanding business globally, the company receives many benefits such as an increase in sales, global branding and sustainable future growth. But there are different aspects that company has to consider before expanding their business globally. These aspects could affect the earning and reputation of the organisation. The international manager of organisations is required to analyse these market factors and formulate proper strategies to avoid any adverse impact. Political Environment According to the research of Holburn and Zelner (2010), the political pressure of different countries could affect the companys business adversely. The international manager is requiring monitoring the political activities which can impact the business of the organisation. For example, a political leadership or philosophies could change overnight and can adversely affect the companys business. Like in India, when Apple decided to sell refurbished iPhone, the political parties strongly rejected the proposal. This affected the business of Apple since their most iPhone in India are sold second hand by customers. The international manager is required to form policies according to political regulations. Legal Environment According to Kubasek, Brennan and Browne (2016), the legal environment consists of different laws and regulation implemented in different countries. The international manager must be familiar with these regulations before expanding their business globally. Not complying with regulations or breaking regulation could affect the reputation of the company. The legal factors include tax regulations, inflation rates, and changes in exchange rates. These factors affect the earning and economy of an organisation. Before implementing any strategies, Apples managers thoroughly analyses different legal regulations of countries which allow them to form policies according to the market conditions. Technological Environment According to Dunning (2013), the technology in smartphones market changes rapidly, but there are changes between the technology of different countries. The company products must be compatible with the countrys technology. For example, many of Apple services do not work in different countries such as payment methods, search services, and few applications. While selling their products in China, the companys managers have to change their NFC enabled payment method Apple Pay, because it was not compatible in the Chinese market. Sociocultural Environment The sociocultural environment of countries is different from one another, which makes it hard for companies to operate. The working environment of employees is also separate in different countries. The international manager is responsible to study different social culture environment and adopt strategies according to them. The company changes its policies according to the culture requirement of different countries. Apples managers maintain a flexible approach which allows them to change their international policies according to the requirements of different countries. The managers applied a harmonious strategy while entering in Chinese market due to their harmonious environment (Dikova, Sahib and Van 2010) Conclusion For the above report, it can be concluded that the duties of international manager play an important role in organisational international expansion. It is the duty of the international manager to establish proper international policies by monitoring its different aspects. The manager monitors political, legal, technical, social and cultural environment policies, which could affect the performance of an organisation. Apples management team has done a successful job in implementing proper international policies in their organisation. The management team monitors a different aspect of countries environment and apply these changes in their organisational policies. These activities provide details regarding the environment of an international manager. References Alidori, R., 2015.The 20 people who run Apple - and why you should care. Macworld UK. Retrieved from https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/apple/20-apple-execs-you-need-know-3525573/ Cantwell, J., Dunning, J.H. and Lundan, S.M., 2010. An evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional environment.Journal of International Business Studies,41(4), pp.567-586. Cappellen, T. and Janssens, M., 2010. Characteristics of international work: Narratives of the global manager.Thunderbird International Business Review,52(4), pp.337-348. Comfort, J. and Franklin, P., 2014.The mindful international manager: How to work effectively across cultures. Kogan Page Publishers. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Dikova, D., Sahib, P.R. and Van Witteloostuijn, A., 2010. Cross-border acquisition abandonment and completion: The effect of institutional differences and organizational learning in the international business service industry, 19812001.Journal of International Business Studies,41(2), pp.223-245. Dunning, J.H., 2013.Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Ghazawneh, A. and Henfridsson, O., 2013. Balancing platform control and external contribution in third party development: the boundary resources model.Information Systems Journal,23(2), pp.173-192. Griffin, R.W. and Pustay, M.W., 2012.International business. Pearson Higher Ed. Holburn, G.L. and Zelner, B.A., 2010. Political capabilities, policy risk, and international investment strategy: evidence from the global electric power generation industry.Strategic Management Journal,31(12), pp.1290-1315. Kubasek, N.K., Brennan, B.A. and Browne, M.N., 2016.The legal environment of business: A critical thinking approach. Pearson. Lee, Y.K., Son, M.H. and Lee, D.J., 2011. Do emotions play a mediating role in the relationship between owner leadership styles and manager customer orientation, and performance in service environment?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,30(4), pp.942-952. Nagle, T.T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 2016.The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: New International Edition. Routledge. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R., 2012.International marketing. Naper Press. Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Loss Causation Model free essay sample

Loss Causation Model BY ds11969 Loss Causation Model History, Theory Application Before a loss occurs (Injury, illness, damage, loss in process), there are series of events that take place with a root cause that begins this series of events. The root cause is called a Lack of Control (Inadequate standards, lack of compliance for preparedness, knowledge and skill training, etc). This leads to a basic cause (or personal factor) such as lack of knowledge, stress, inadequate capabilities. This in turn leads to an immediate cause (substandard conditions and actions) such as perating without authority, working under the influence of controlled substances, inadequate barriers. This then leads to an Incident a fall, a strike, stress, or being in contact with an unfriendly environment. The incidence leads to the loss. The concept of the Loss Causation Model hence is that when a loss occurs, we need to go back that chain, realize that the root cause is not the incident or the immediate cause, and solve the problem from the root cause in order to prevent the loss from reoccurring. We will write a custom essay sample on Loss Causation Model or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are numerous accident and loss causation models in existence. The two that will be discussing in this report will be H. W. Heinrichs Domino Theory and the ILCI Loss Causation Model. Loss causation models are used as models for safety and accident prevention theory. Loss causation models provide a direction of focus for the individual interested in reducing injuries in an organization. Heinrichs principles date back to 1932 and encourage focusing on near misses instead of injury-related incidents to prevent significant losses from occurring. The International Loss Control Institute developed their own model in 1985, the ILCI Loss Causation model, to provide users a tool to control the vast majority of accidents and loss control roblems. The ILCI model encourages focusing on development of standards, the measurement and evaluation of standards to ensure they are being followed through by members of the organization, and the continuous update of standards to provide a means to prevent injuries in an organization. A more detailed account of each of these loss causation models follows starting with Heinrichs theory. Heinrichs Domino Theory of Loss Causation In his 1932 book Industrial Accident Prevention, H. W. Heinrich wrote that there are five factors in the accident sequence: * The first factor is the social environment nd ancestry. Traits such as recklessness, stubbornness, avariciousness, and other undesirable character traits may be passed along through inheritance. * The second factor is the fault of the person. This factor states that inherited or acquired traits of the person; such as violent temper, lack of consideration, ignorance of safe practice, etc. are responsible for the person committing unsafe acts or allowing the existence of mechanical or physical hazards. * The third factor is the unsafe act and/or mechanical or physical hazard. Unsafe acts include standing under uspended loads, failure to adhere to lock-out/tag-out policy, horseplay, and removal of safeguards. Mechanical or physical hazards include such items as unguarded machinery, unguarded pinch points, and insufficient light. * The fourth factor is flying objects, being caught in machinery, or coming into contact with high energy sources. The fifth and last factor is the injury. Injuries include fractures, lacerations, etc. , that result directly from accidents (Heinrich, 1932). Heinrich then arranges these five factors in a domino fashion such that the fall of the first domino results in the fall of the entire row. The domino arrangement illustrates Heinrichs notion that each factor leads to the next with the end result being the injury. It also illustrates that if one of the factors (dominos) is removed, the sequence is unable to progress and the injury will not occur. While it may be difficult or impossible to change a persons attitude (the first and second domino), proper supervision can guide the persons behavior so that they do not perform a substandard act or allow a substandard condition to exist (the third domino) which leads to an accident (the fourth domino) that leads to an injury (the fifth and final domino). Heinrich also developed a pyramid shaped model to explain the relationship of near-miss accidents to minor injuries and major injuries. Heinrichs pyramid states that for every 300 near-miss incidents, there will be 29 minor injuries, and 1 major injury. This pyramid summarizes Heinrichs belief that-near miss incidents must be prevented in order to eliminate the possibility of reaching each successive level of the pyramid. Figure 1 depicts Heinrichs pyramid. While the terminology and thinking found in Heinrichs Domino Theory of Accident Prevention are dated, the process remains worth review. Properly training employees and managers insures that the management system is working in concert with employees to reduce the occurrence of near misses that, in turn, reduces the opportunity for more severe injuries to occur. A major flaw with Heinrichs model is that it relies on a single cause that leads to an incident. Rarely is an incident the product of a single cause; more likely, an incident is the result of several factors that occurred simultaneously to produce the incident or loss. A more up to date and complete model of loss causation is the ILCI Loss Causation Model that dates to 1985. Where Heinrich focused on reducing the ncidence of near misses, the ILCI model focuses on development of performance standards and enforcement of standards to ensure that employees are performing their work in a safe manner. With emphasis on performance standards, the ILCI model takes a proactive approach to loss prevention and suggests that losses are due to a breakdown in these standards. A closer look at the ILCI model follows. ILCI Loss Causation Theory * Inadequate Management control * Basic causes: personal vs. Job factors * Immediate causes: substandard acts/ conditions * Near hit/accident: contact with energy, substance, and/or people * Loss: people, roduct, service, equipment, facility, and/or environment The International Loss Control Institute has developed the ILCI Loss Causation Model. Like Heinrichs Domino Theory, the ILCI model is based on a sequence of events that leads up to an eventual loss. The events in sequential order are Lack of control, Basic causes, Immediate Causes, Incident/Contact, and Loss. Each event has a role in continuing the loss process to its conclusion, the Loss. To facilitate a better understanding of the ILCI model, the events will be reviewed in reverse, starting from Control (inadequate program or inadequate compliance to standards). To begin, Loss is the result of an accident. Loss can be direct or indirect, both of which must be considered to fully appreciate the impact to a company. Direct loss includes some or all of the following; harm to people, damage to property, or a reduction/halt in productivity. Indirect costs may include, but are not limited to, increased training costs to replace injured employees, legal expenses, investigation time, and loss of business due to unfavorable press. The ILCI Loss Causation Model estimates that for every dollar of direct loss, the indirect costs may be six to fifty-three times as much. Both direct and indirect costs of injury and illness are deducted directly out of profit; conversely, when dollars are saved from accidents the organization realizes increased profits . Prior to the Loss, the Incident occurs that may or may not result in injury to a person or damage to property. A person or object is able to absorb a given amount of energy without harm, however, when the amount of energy exceeds the amount that may be safely absorbed, injury or damage results. This not only applies to an objects kinetic energy that contacts the person or property, but also electrical nergy, acoustic energy, thermal energy, radiant energy, and chemical energy. The American Standard Accident Classification code lists some of the more common types of energy transfers which include: Struck against (running or bumping into) Struck by (hit by moving object) Fall to lower level (either the body falls or the object falls and hits the body) Fall on same level (slip and fall, tip over) Caught in (pinch and nip points) Caught on (snagged, hung) Caught between (crushed or amputated) Contact with (electricity, heat cold, radiation, caustics, toxics, noise) Overstress/ verexertion/overload Continuing up the chain of the ILCI model, Immediate Causes precede the Incident. Immediate Causes are subdivided further into substandard practices and substandard conditions. While Heinrich used the term unsafe act or conditions to describe the direct cause of injuries, use of the term unsafe has fallen out of favor with current trends in accident prevention. The term unsafe calls the organizations ability to identify obvious problems into question, a potential problem in todays litigious society. The term substandard acknowledges that organizations have tandards of performance that are to be followed by all employees and is the accepted term used today. When substandard conditions and/or practices are allowed to occur in a facility, there is always the potential for an energy transfer that is beyond the persons/ob]ects ability to absorb without damage. To clarify substandard practices and substandard conditions, the following examples are provided: Examples of substandard practices would include: Operating equipment without authority Improper loading Horseplay Under influence of alcohol and/or other drugs Examples of substandard conditions would include: Ђ Defective tools, equipment or materials Poor housekeeping; disorderly workplace Inadequate ventilation Prior to the Immediate Cause of the loss are the Basic Causes. Basic Causes must be identified and addressed to allow a more effective control of losses. The Basic Causes help to explain why people perform substandard acts or allow substandard conditions to exist. The ILCI model divides the Basic Causes into two categories, personal factors and Job factors. Personal factors include lack of knowledge, skill, or inability to handle pressures of the Job while Job factors include such items as nadequate training, inappropriate equipment and tools, worn equipment and tools, or inadequate equipment and tools. Lack of Control is the initial step that leads to Basic Causes and allows the sequence to proceed to the eventual loss. According to the ILCI model, there are three common reasons for lack of control; inadequate safety/loss program, inadequate safety/loss program standards, and inadequate compliance with standards. First, an inadequate program occurs when there are too few program activities to address the needs of an organization. Necessary programs will vary depending on the size of the organization, work performed at the rganization, and the methods to perform the work. Common elements of an effective program according to the ILCI model include management and employee training, personal protective equipment, engineering controls, planned inspections, task analysis, emergency preparedness, and incident investigations. Second, inadequate program standards occur when organizations standards are not specific enough, not clear enough, or are not high enough. Program standards need to let people know what is expected of them as well as provide them with a tool to measure their performance against the standard. Third, inadequate compliance is a factor that leads to Lack of Control. Most managers agree that inadequate compliance is probably the single greatest reason for loss. Poor compliance with effective program standards is due to ineffective communication of standards to employees or a failure to enforce standards . ln summary, the ILCI Loss Causation Model indicates that losses begin with a lack of control. With a lack of control, basic causes such as lack of training or inadequate tools and equipment are allowed to occur/exist. These basic causes lead to the immediate causes, which are the existence of a substandard ondition or the performance of a substandard practice. Immediate causes lead to the incident itself, and conclude with the loss. The loss may be to people, property, product, the environment, or the organizations ability to provide its services. It is important to note that it is not the intent of the ILCI model to place blame on individuals for committing substandard acts or for allowing substandard conditions to exist, but rather to encourage managers to evaluate the management system that influences human behavior. Punishment should never be inflicted as the result of an accident investigation . By punishing the employee; attention is shifted away from the management system that allowed the loss to occur in the first place. The ILCI model starts with a lack of control. Control is within the four essential functions of management, which are to plan, lead, control, and organize. Taking this into consideration, it may be summarized that a loss is indicative of a failure on questions, the lack of control in the management system may be identified and addressed to prevent the sequence of events from occurring that leads to the eventual loss. As detailed in the ILCI model and H. W.